Introduction
Ethiopian national election, if it is conducted as scheduled will be done on 2010, we are on less than a year. Unfortunately, we have no neutral national electoral system, in fact, the electoral system is apparently neutral but in practice it is managed by the government. There is no way to make amendments on constitution and electoral system since 1994.
The main objective of Meles and his TPLF party is clear to us. It is aimed to stay in power for 5 years for a total of 24 consecutive years and accomplish their dream of constructing the “The Greatest Tigray Republic".
On other hand, I believe, the ethiopians have to do our tasks. We have to resolve these problems by united efforts. The only solution is using the public pressure e.g. establishing lobbing groups or pressures group in all aspect of Ethiopian life. We have seen the result of individual struggles on post election of 2005, which could not conduce to the desired results. The opposition parties should start to unite and mobilize their campaign as soon as possible and as much as they can.
On this massive process, the mass communication is very essential. This post is aimed to give personal opinion on how can be communicated in the peaceful struggle for the upcoming election 2010 victory. I believe that it is time to get in contact with people by esstablishing a system of communication though out the Ethiopia. This sytem should incluid tradictional and current system of the electronics communication.
Traditional information communication and guarding the poll station process
The first easy way to establish good communication in Ethiopia including the rural area is the creation of awareness about the importance of the election in Ethiopia and creating the volunteers to transmit message in person to person. This method was used on the war against the Italy colonialist by Empire Minilik and others governors. The same things can be done on this period of Ethiopian history. It is possible to convince hundreds of thousands of supporters to volunteer on the use of their information to the campaign by joining the network on pre-election and during the polling 
time to collect information about any thing wrong done by ruling part or during post-election to be used as witness of any thing wrong done. Rural area marketing places and farmers’ recreation area are good places to start the chain of volunteers and supporters. Rural area Teachers have been good examples for volunteering and supporting public reasons. We remember the motion against King Haile Silassie and Military Darg destitution could not be successful without the support from rural area. Hence, on these peaceful struggles and ensuring healthy national election process the rural area networking is very important.
2. Traditional media (TV, radio, paper print)
These kind of traditional way of communication are good and they are effective but it is controlled by the ruling part network, it is expensive service, they can not go all point of rural area due to infrastructures limitation, language barrier, .... radios like VOA and German radio have good reputation and they cover all point in rural area but they are not used to transmit what really the Ethiopians need to transmit … Now a day there are numbers of private radio station, if they are not blocked by political reasons, politiecal parties would focus on them.
Internet and related media
One way of contributing to Ethiopian democracy by Diaspora is searching how the same communication network constructed by the government can be used against him for the benefit of Ethiopian democracy. Major concern of this page is not highlighting how the National election board should use the Internet for the purpose of vote counting and display services but it is the concern of this page to indicate about how to use the communication media, more specifically the electronics communication technology.
The governors are there to govern people based predefined code of laws. On modern society the best way of controlling the job of governor is using the election votes. For the proper use of public votes the media proper usage is very important. It helps to prepare the population to control and protect the sabotage around votes and polling process. At present, the communication technology in Ethiopia is at the very early stage. Probably, most of the rural population has no electronics communications network but you may believe it or not the communication network has expanded and gone to remote rural area on the ways never seen in Ethiopia. Now there are secondary schools and universities using Internet and school-net distributed though out the nation better than ever. Students and teachers have been the leaders in the public motion for the change in political system in Ethiopia. This fact of Ethiopia shall be used on the upcoming election 2010.
We have some experience on the use electronics media on the last national election 2005
One area of the communication that was unconsidered by EPRDF was the use of FM and others radio mass-communication program: - like music selection program, critics program regarding to some sort of problem dealt in the radio program. During this time, I remember one of my friend and CUD supporters was transmitting very-short and funny idea during the song selection to his families and friends.
Web based information and news was available during national-election 2005. I remember I was reading news from ethio-media, Ethiopian review, Ethiopian millennium and some others. I remember also the Ethiopian Review was blocked to be accessed in Ethiopia by the government using the telecommunication technology. Also at the university together with some friend of mine now living in Germany we were trying to read this site using some other website that could help us to open the site.
The use of Internet and others electronics media in developed countries is nothing news. It has been using since long ago but now as the media type increase the communication type also increase proportionally. Also I have no intension to write the importance of websites to give to the public fresh and original idea about the political party program but my intension on this is to highlight what the government opposition parties can be benefited from the use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Type of I-communication that can be established in Ethiopia
When I started to write this topic I understand that many readers will criticize this topic by considering that in Ethiopia there is no sufficient Internet service network all over the countries. I agree on these but my point is that we have some thing, which is nothing negligible, consider:
1. All major cities have connection to internet services and almost in all them there is internet café business on which visitors may have had to wait as much as half an hour before getting a chance to browse the Web and without worrying about the expense it incur on waiting to come the wanted web page. Currently, there are Internet service shops that provide internet café wired by Fiber Optics cable known as broadband Internet café.
2. Where ever you get phone services you can use dial-up connection to the Internet. I remember in 2003 I was working in southern remote area of Ethiopia. I was using dialup connection for email communication and web browsing. On that time it was difficult to down load big files but I could upload and download scanned letters.
3. On the newly established universities, on some of them there are broadband internet connections and some others broadband connection was on proyect faces that at these times they might be completed.
4. I know also the government has installed different networks by using the Internet through VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) satellite connection. I have no detail information but I known the following projects are implemented and they was used on same ways.
a) SchoolNET which supposed to connect all the 545 woredas high-schools in the country to a gateway that provides video and audio streamed educational program. I knew this project is completed and I know some of my related students have used it.
b) WoredaNET which connects government offices in the more than 594 woredas (municipality or smallest cities on the government organization structures) in the country to regional government offices and then to the Federal government.
c) On the same ways AgriNET for agriculture sector and HealthNET for health sector that was on project stage.
I think that these *-net are accessible for management staff only e.g. SchoolNET for the teachers and experts at Minister of Education in Addis Ababa and WoredaNet for the government Woreda offices access only but when the system become familiar to all staff it may be used for sacred purpose of peace-full struggle for democracy, which is morally and legally are valid. With the idea of using the all available resource with out thinking on the quality and the network coverage we can maximize these usages though the following means.
5. Email and mobile phone SMS are used from the begging of the phenomena. On this system, communication with your supporters is in a cost-effective manner with multiple segmenting features that allow you to target your communication. In many developing countries like in Sierra Leone's national election, election observers at polling stations were reporting any irregularities via SMS with their mobile phones. Like wise, independent monitoring of elections is being conducted via cell phone. This trend is growing around the world.
Now, if it is not blocked by the authorities, we can almost instantly view or hear first-hand accounts of situations that are happening. Henece it serves as a vital component of news media and information sharing like up-to-date information about elections or any type of breaking news.
For example,
1. NGOs in Sierra Leone used mobile phones during the country’s 2007 Presidential election to monitor election fraud during voting. The sporadic violence in Freetown prior to the election was largely prevented from recurring through this use of SMS text messaging.
2. Pakistani citizens also utilized SMS technology following President Musharraf’s declaration of a state of emergency in November 2007.
Among these the email system require more preparation in creating list of supporters (volunteers) address and also it is good idea to create free emails from different domain name like Yahoo, Gmail, AOL, Hotmail... Hope we are not considering unprofessional the use of these free email domains. Using email you can send nicely formatted bulk email to help spread your message and make a fund raising effort very successful. .The most important idea is continuing to explore all option so that the polling result become fair and free. Some example of using email for election are
http://emailelection.com/
http://www.conquestgroup.com/Services/Email.htm?gclid=CPDWo7HexJ0CFR4eDQod519qsA
Ethiopian national election, if it is conducted as scheduled will be done on 2010, we are on less than a year. Unfortunately, we have no neutral national electoral system, in fact, the electoral system is apparently neutral but in practice it is managed by the government. There is no way to make amendments on constitution and electoral system since 1994.
The main objective of Meles and his TPLF party is clear to us. It is aimed to stay in power for 5 years for a total of 24 consecutive years and accomplish their dream of constructing the “The Greatest Tigray Republic".
On other hand, I believe, the ethiopians have to do our tasks. We have to resolve these problems by united efforts. The only solution is using the public pressure e.g. establishing lobbing groups or pressures group in all aspect of Ethiopian life. We have seen the result of individual struggles on post election of 2005, which could not conduce to the desired results. The opposition parties should start to unite and mobilize their campaign as soon as possible and as much as they can.
On this massive process, the mass communication is very essential. This post is aimed to give personal opinion on how can be communicated in the peaceful struggle for the upcoming election 2010 victory. I believe that it is time to get in contact with people by esstablishing a system of communication though out the Ethiopia. This sytem should incluid tradictional and current system of the electronics communication.
Traditional information communication and guarding the poll station process
The first easy way to establish good communication in Ethiopia including the rural area is the creation of awareness about the importance of the election in Ethiopia and creating the volunteers to transmit message in person to person. This method was used on the war against the Italy colonialist by Empire Minilik and others governors. The same things can be done on this period of Ethiopian history. It is possible to convince hundreds of thousands of supporters to volunteer on the use of their information to the campaign by joining the network on pre-election and during the polling 
time to collect information about any thing wrong done by ruling part or during post-election to be used as witness of any thing wrong done. Rural area marketing places and farmers’ recreation area are good places to start the chain of volunteers and supporters. Rural area Teachers have been good examples for volunteering and supporting public reasons. We remember the motion against King Haile Silassie and Military Darg destitution could not be successful without the support from rural area. Hence, on these peaceful struggles and ensuring healthy national election process the rural area networking is very important.2. Traditional media (TV, radio, paper print)
These kind of traditional way of communication are good and they are effective but it is controlled by the ruling part network, it is expensive service, they can not go all point of rural area due to infrastructures limitation, language barrier, .... radios like VOA and German radio have good reputation and they cover all point in rural area but they are not used to transmit what really the Ethiopians need to transmit … Now a day there are numbers of private radio station, if they are not blocked by political reasons, politiecal parties would focus on them.
Internet and related media
One way of contributing to Ethiopian democracy by Diaspora is searching how the same communication network constructed by the government can be used against him for the benefit of Ethiopian democracy. Major concern of this page is not highlighting how the National election board should use the Internet for the purpose of vote counting and display services but it is the concern of this page to indicate about how to use the communication media, more specifically the electronics communication technology.
The governors are there to govern people based predefined code of laws. On modern society the best way of controlling the job of governor is using the election votes. For the proper use of public votes the media proper usage is very important. It helps to prepare the population to control and protect the sabotage around votes and polling process. At present, the communication technology in Ethiopia is at the very early stage. Probably, most of the rural population has no electronics communications network but you may believe it or not the communication network has expanded and gone to remote rural area on the ways never seen in Ethiopia. Now there are secondary schools and universities using Internet and school-net distributed though out the nation better than ever. Students and teachers have been the leaders in the public motion for the change in political system in Ethiopia. This fact of Ethiopia shall be used on the upcoming election 2010.
We have some experience on the use electronics media on the last national election 2005
One area of the communication that was unconsidered by EPRDF was the use of FM and others radio mass-communication program: - like music selection program, critics program regarding to some sort of problem dealt in the radio program. During this time, I remember one of my friend and CUD supporters was transmitting very-short and funny idea during the song selection to his families and friends.
Web based information and news was available during national-election 2005. I remember I was reading news from ethio-media, Ethiopian review, Ethiopian millennium and some others. I remember also the Ethiopian Review was blocked to be accessed in Ethiopia by the government using the telecommunication technology. Also at the university together with some friend of mine now living in Germany we were trying to read this site using some other website that could help us to open the site.
The use of Internet and others electronics media in developed countries is nothing news. It has been using since long ago but now as the media type increase the communication type also increase proportionally. Also I have no intension to write the importance of websites to give to the public fresh and original idea about the political party program but my intension on this is to highlight what the government opposition parties can be benefited from the use of Information and communication technologies (ICTs).
Type of I-communication that can be established in Ethiopia
When I started to write this topic I understand that many readers will criticize this topic by considering that in Ethiopia there is no sufficient Internet service network all over the countries. I agree on these but my point is that we have some thing, which is nothing negligible, consider:
1. All major cities have connection to internet services and almost in all them there is internet café business on which visitors may have had to wait as much as half an hour before getting a chance to browse the Web and without worrying about the expense it incur on waiting to come the wanted web page. Currently, there are Internet service shops that provide internet café wired by Fiber Optics cable known as broadband Internet café.
2. Where ever you get phone services you can use dial-up connection to the Internet. I remember in 2003 I was working in southern remote area of Ethiopia. I was using dialup connection for email communication and web browsing. On that time it was difficult to down load big files but I could upload and download scanned letters.3. On the newly established universities, on some of them there are broadband internet connections and some others broadband connection was on proyect faces that at these times they might be completed.
4. I know also the government has installed different networks by using the Internet through VSAT (Very Small Aperture Terminal) satellite connection. I have no detail information but I known the following projects are implemented and they was used on same ways.
a) SchoolNET which supposed to connect all the 545 woredas high-schools in the country to a gateway that provides video and audio streamed educational program. I knew this project is completed and I know some of my related students have used it.
b) WoredaNET which connects government offices in the more than 594 woredas (municipality or smallest cities on the government organization structures) in the country to regional government offices and then to the Federal government.
c) On the same ways AgriNET for agriculture sector and HealthNET for health sector that was on project stage.
I think that these *-net are accessible for management staff only e.g. SchoolNET for the teachers and experts at Minister of Education in Addis Ababa and WoredaNet for the government Woreda offices access only but when the system become familiar to all staff it may be used for sacred purpose of peace-full struggle for democracy, which is morally and legally are valid. With the idea of using the all available resource with out thinking on the quality and the network coverage we can maximize these usages though the following means.
5. Email and mobile phone SMS are used from the begging of the phenomena. On this system, communication with your supporters is in a cost-effective manner with multiple segmenting features that allow you to target your communication. In many developing countries like in Sierra Leone's national election, election observers at polling stations were reporting any irregularities via SMS with their mobile phones. Like wise, independent monitoring of elections is being conducted via cell phone. This trend is growing around the world.
Now, if it is not blocked by the authorities, we can almost instantly view or hear first-hand accounts of situations that are happening. Henece it serves as a vital component of news media and information sharing like up-to-date information about elections or any type of breaking news.
For example,
1. NGOs in Sierra Leone used mobile phones during the country’s 2007 Presidential election to monitor election fraud during voting. The sporadic violence in Freetown prior to the election was largely prevented from recurring through this use of SMS text messaging.
2. Pakistani citizens also utilized SMS technology following President Musharraf’s declaration of a state of emergency in November 2007.
Among these the email system require more preparation in creating list of supporters (volunteers) address and also it is good idea to create free emails from different domain name like Yahoo, Gmail, AOL, Hotmail... Hope we are not considering unprofessional the use of these free email domains. Using email you can send nicely formatted bulk email to help spread your message and make a fund raising effort very successful. .The most important idea is continuing to explore all option so that the polling result become fair and free. Some example of using email for election are
http://emailelection.com/
http://www.conquestgroup.com/Services/Email.htm?gclid=CPDWo7HexJ0CFR4eDQod519qsA
6. Social networking like Facebook, Tweeter, Paltak which are global utility website that operate to share and discover what’s happening right now, anywhere in the world. For example, people use Facebook to keep up 
with friends, add new friends worldwide, send them messages, upload an unlimited number of photos, share links and videos, learn more about the people they meet. Additionally, users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region. Examples are the following
http://apps.facebook.com/causes/election
with friends, add new friends worldwide, send them messages, upload an unlimited number of photos, share links and videos, learn more about the people they meet. Additionally, users can join networks organized by city, workplace, school, and region. Examples are the followinghttp://apps.facebook.com/causes/election
http://blog.facebook.com/blog.php?post=2207742130
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites
Two years before when I was in Ethiopia Skype, Yahoo Messenger and MSN were common for communication at big cities like Awassa and Addis Ababa. Two years later after I started using Facebook friendship invitation is coming from my friends living in Ethiopia.
It should be taken into consideration that the rulling part may block the blogs and social networks e.g. Facebook just like what was done in Iran during the 2009 national election time. In Iran the government took the decision to block access to Facebook in three weeks before nationwide elections. On this case you have to be aware to change to same others social network upto it become clear the intension of the government to no condact a free and fair elections. Read more at:
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/24/iran-cuts-access-to-faceb_n_207186.html
7. A blog is a website usually maintained by an individual in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in reverse chronological order. The term blog is a shortened form of weblog or web log. It contain regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Blogging has become an essential part of political campaigns, with campaigns, special interest groups, and national political parities not only creating blogs, but hiring paid bloggers to write on their behalf on "independent" blogs.As per
http://www.cyberethiopia.com/net/docs/internet_repression_in_ethiopia.html
the following blogs are not accessible from Ethiopia because they are blocked by the authorities. AddisVoice Blog, AddisFerenji, Carpediemethiopia, Enset, Ethiopianpolitcs, Ethiopundit, Ethio-zagol, Onethiopia, Urael, Wechewgud, Mehedeya and finally the Ethiopian ruling authorities have restricted access to the whole blogspot.com domain. Examples are:
http://electionsblog.com/
http://www.electiongeek.com/blog/
http://www.fair.org/blog/category/election/
8. YouTube is a new phenomena for video sharing website on which users can upload and share videos. An example of application of Youtube in election is the following, which is taken from Newsweek web site. Since I am watching numbers of Ethiopian video music and funny thing about the regimen of Meles, I consider that at this time YouTube in Ethiopia is open for public use. If so using a numbers of mobile phone and photo cameras some one can record key images and uploaded when it is required for public opinion. Witness about human rights abuses, fraudulent election campaigns can be recorded and uploaded as videos news and reports that can be posted when it is required. The Web site features blogs and discussion forums in response to videos, and provides references and resources for getting directly involved for signing petitions or getting help on support of a cause. Examples of video are the following
http://www.youtube.com/user/BarackObamadotcom
http://www.youtube.com/user/JohnMcCaindotcom
http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=iran+protest&hl=en&emb=0&aq=0&oq=Iran+#q=iran+protest&hl=en&emb=0
In developing countries YouTube is used inmany ways, Example is has also been censored numerous times in the country, most recently in March 2009 for a video posting of police beating a Tibetan man and killing a young protesting women in
9. Online Petitions: This is another thing used to estimate the fact and support from world wide Internet user. Initiating petitions through the Internet helps to disseminate information and encourage individual engagement. Online petitions provide groups, organizations, and even entire populations with opportunities to publicize their causes and to challenge governments or other bodies at the national, regional, and international level. Example in the web are
http://www.petitionspot.com/petitions/ethiopia/
http://www.petitiononline.com/Dannetsa/petition.html
http://www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/454280214
Conclusion
The use of the internet as a force for both social and political change can not be underestimated. It is known that the common factor on the campaign for election of Barack and John F. Kennedy their use of a new medium that will forever change politics. For Mr. Kennedy, it was the television while for Mr. Obama, it was the Internet. They have used the technology available on their particular time. The same thing we have to use applied to our condition. As indicated on the above links, today there are numbers of options to create blogs and social networks that are free for any person usage. If the ruling party does not close the all Internet service in the country, I believe, we have many options to challenge the ruling communication authorities. For this, we have to work on creating awareness and developing strategies in case the government takes different options to block some internet services. More detail is available at my post
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_social_networking_websites
Two years before when I was in Ethiopia Skype, Yahoo Messenger and MSN were common for communication at big cities like Awassa and Addis Ababa. Two years later after I started using Facebook friendship invitation is coming from my friends living in Ethiopia.
It should be taken into consideration that the rulling part may block the blogs and social networks e.g. Facebook just like what was done in Iran during the 2009 national election time. In Iran the government took the decision to block access to Facebook in three weeks before nationwide elections. On this case you have to be aware to change to same others social network upto it become clear the intension of the government to no condact a free and fair elections. Read more at:http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/05/24/iran-cuts-access-to-faceb_n_207186.html
7. A blog is a website usually maintained by an individual in which items are posted on a regular basis and displayed in reverse chronological order. The term blog is a shortened form of weblog or web log. It contain regular entries of commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as graphics or video. Blogging has become an essential part of political campaigns, with campaigns, special interest groups, and national political parities not only creating blogs, but hiring paid bloggers to write on their behalf on "independent" blogs.As per
http://www.cyberethiopia.com/net/docs/internet_repression_in_ethiopia.html
the following blogs are not accessible from Ethiopia because they are blocked by the authorities. AddisVoice Blog, AddisFerenji, Carpediemethiopia, Enset, Ethiopianpolitcs, Ethiopundit, Ethio-zagol, Onethiopia, Urael, Wechewgud, Mehedeya and finally the Ethiopian ruling authorities have restricted access to the whole blogspot.com domain. Examples are:
http://electionsblog.com/
http://www.electiongeek.com/blog/
http://www.fair.org/blog/category/election/
8. YouTube is a new phenomena for video sharing website on which users can upload and share videos. An example of application of Youtube in election is the following, which is taken from Newsweek web site. Since I am watching numbers of Ethiopian video music and funny thing about the regimen of Meles, I consider that at this time YouTube in Ethiopia is open for public use. If so using a numbers of mobile phone and photo cameras some one can record key images and uploaded when it is required for public opinion. Witness about human rights abuses, fraudulent election campaigns can be recorded and uploaded as videos news and reports that can be posted when it is required. The Web site features blogs and discussion forums in response to videos, and provides references and resources for getting directly involved for signing petitions or getting help on support of a cause. Examples of video are the following
http://www.youtube.com/user/BarackObamadotcom
http://www.youtube.com/user/JohnMcCaindotcom
http://video.google.com/videosearch?q=iran+protest&hl=en&emb=0&aq=0&oq=Iran+#q=iran+protest&hl=en&emb=0
In developing countries YouTube is used inmany ways, Example is has also been censored numerous times in the country, most recently in March 2009 for a video posting of police beating a Tibetan man and killing a young protesting women in
9. Online Petitions: This is another thing used to estimate the fact and support from world wide Internet user. Initiating petitions through the Internet helps to disseminate information and encourage individual engagement. Online petitions provide groups, organizations, and even entire populations with opportunities to publicize their causes and to challenge governments or other bodies at the national, regional, and international level. Example in the web are
http://www.petitionspot.com/petitions/ethiopia/
http://www.petitiononline.com/Dannetsa/petition.html
http://www.thepetitionsite.com/takeaction/454280214
Conclusion
The use of the internet as a force for both social and political change can not be underestimated. It is known that the common factor on the campaign for election of Barack and John F. Kennedy their use of a new medium that will forever change politics. For Mr. Kennedy, it was the television while for Mr. Obama, it was the Internet. They have used the technology available on their particular time. The same thing we have to use applied to our condition. As indicated on the above links, today there are numbers of options to create blogs and social networks that are free for any person usage. If the ruling party does not close the all Internet service in the country, I believe, we have many options to challenge the ruling communication authorities. For this, we have to work on creating awareness and developing strategies in case the government takes different options to block some internet services. More detail is available at my post
I believe it is the job of all ethiopians concerned to bring long term democarcy and social developments and more specifically it is the home works of the opposition parties’ leaders to take this homework and facilitate easy communication during the election period to lead Ethiopians at the victory.
Reference
http://mediaethiopia.com/photoessay/Photo_Essay_MobilePhones_Ethiopia_06.htm
http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Internet_in_Ethiopia_November2007.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7412045.stm
http://people-press.org/report/384/internets-broader-role-in-campaign-2008
http://www.ifes.org/publication/ebcb8f6a4743357c3748b352c68abaaa/2%20IFES%20Challenging%20Election%20Norms%20and%20Standards%20WP%20EMBSINT.pdf
http://campaignsonline.typepad.com/campaigns_online/use_of_the_internet_in_political_campaigns/ http://cpj.org/reports/2009/09/video-report-cuban-bloggers.php
http://www.ethiopians.com/Engineering/Internet_in_Ethiopia_November2007.htm
Reference
http://mediaethiopia.com/photoessay/Photo_Essay_MobilePhones_Ethiopia_06.htm
http://www.mediaethiopia.com/Engineering/Internet_in_Ethiopia_November2007.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7412045.stm
http://people-press.org/report/384/internets-broader-role-in-campaign-2008
http://www.ifes.org/publication/ebcb8f6a4743357c3748b352c68abaaa/2%20IFES%20Challenging%20Election%20Norms%20and%20Standards%20WP%20EMBSINT.pdf
http://campaignsonline.typepad.com/campaigns_online/use_of_the_internet_in_political_campaigns/ http://cpj.org/reports/2009/09/video-report-cuban-bloggers.php
http://www.ethiopians.com/Engineering/Internet_in_Ethiopia_November2007.htm
